tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15345127091982898602024-02-18T17:56:08.682-08:00You Must Know : Because knowledge makes you greatPRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-44745225340161478202023-02-15T04:30:00.010-08:002023-02-15T10:35:29.908-08:00The Value of Metadata in Digital Forensics<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Meta, which means
"beyond," is a prefix that denotes a notion that is an abstraction of
another entity. This translates to indicate that metadata is "data beyond
the data." Metadata, then, is data about data or information about information.
In order to make other data easier to find, understand, and use, metadata
organises and characterises that data.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkYEqbfByGSc5dMWN7aPELdrz6czSPtjx4ki2MXOfmyOh1DCiOhABKCEirK-vI1s0xojijrubk42K4zTHbgLX4rHtRgrY7VdNzV881H4qjAY7yYlnHN8SSha03CvUQcpKf0wGV7paY1AlbOf6-XR7Xu2Oup86kgZ5YFUlDtPQyF9MNwnX8PConyWcNw/s2240/CRTZ2210-What_is_metadata_how_can_it_be_useful_in_cyber_forensics.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="2240" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkYEqbfByGSc5dMWN7aPELdrz6czSPtjx4ki2MXOfmyOh1DCiOhABKCEirK-vI1s0xojijrubk42K4zTHbgLX4rHtRgrY7VdNzV881H4qjAY7yYlnHN8SSha03CvUQcpKf0wGV7paY1AlbOf6-XR7Xu2Oup86kgZ5YFUlDtPQyF9MNwnX8PConyWcNw/w640-h360/CRTZ2210-What_is_metadata_how_can_it_be_useful_in_cyber_forensics.jpeg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">The details of other
data may include the creator of a certain piece of data, the date it was
created, the file size, and the date it was edited. Finding a specific
document is made simpler with the help of this information.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2XkP97uXcePapdtM1sKQUsSj2UD2yDM93XENqx3-NufUG3PQy4S4wFeoo3RozOCFGZc3CMCRPejBMREdGxwxgMBz8ZV_XyWZleKPLZdSr-WDmIye7vkuYApKffWIx0llLMlVX_JVMIsuq0T4MQCbVnBzhkLHe2PdG0Crn2ZmvDIqU29KPYxR1qVJvA/s761/Screenshot_20230215_175327.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="761" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2XkP97uXcePapdtM1sKQUsSj2UD2yDM93XENqx3-NufUG3PQy4S4wFeoo3RozOCFGZc3CMCRPejBMREdGxwxgMBz8ZV_XyWZleKPLZdSr-WDmIye7vkuYApKffWIx0llLMlVX_JVMIsuq0T4MQCbVnBzhkLHe2PdG0Crn2ZmvDIqU29KPYxR1qVJvA/s320/Screenshot_20230215_175327.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Metadata is helpful
for films, photos, spreadsheets, and web pages in addition to document files.
Computer forensic investigators would track a digital trail like a typical
investigator does a paper trail, which is a collection of written evidence.
This entails looking at digital data and its metadata—the distinctive
identifiers connected to each digital file—to see whether there is any
supporting information.</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Usage for Metadata</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Metadata enables
users to:</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Locate resources
using pertinent criteria</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Determine resources</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Converge comparable
resources</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Differentiate between
resources; and</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Find the location of
the information</span></span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Typical forms of Metadata</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Metadata may be
divided into the following categories:</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><u>Descriptive Metadata</u></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Author, title,
abstract, and keywords are frequently included in descriptive metadata, which
provides information about a file's contents.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><u>Structural Metadata</u></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">The link between
various pieces of data and how they are put together are both areas covered by
structural metadata.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><u>Administrative Metadata</u></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Administrative
metadata includes information about ownership, rights administration, and other
technical details like the application that was employed.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><u>Preservation metadata</u></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Metadata preservation
assists in the administration and preservation of information resources. These
sorts of metadata also include processes like data transfer and refreshing that
are required to preserve both the digital and physical copies of resources, as
well as record of the physical state of a specific piece of information.
Documenting modifications that take place during preservation or digitisation
is another use of preservation metadata.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><u>Technical Metadata</u></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Technical metadata is
data that demonstrates how a system or piece of metadata acts. Technical
digitization data like as formats, scaling procedures, and compression ratios
are included in such metadata, as well as documentation for software and
hardware. Technical metadata also includes data on security and authentication,
such as encryption keys and passwords, as well as tracking of system response
times.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">How are Metadata Produced?</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgglfWJy2Kl-Oiv5HSw5TDIkKKBNJYvzIkfpjOmLr4QzlK7QlRzUQ2wG6yKQ-vMRp8De2VaB2QIV0OgzemzhoBdJx_VWZKdtRcuLCoG8vkrYvRzoJujw9ucbT0GGCd8rE1yWDSmySMgBf8K6IMYkyh1jLINqOiShdBKGj5y0RNaCvjaxKWS1ZX3C-S0Zg/s625/Screenshot_20230215_173337.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="296" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgglfWJy2Kl-Oiv5HSw5TDIkKKBNJYvzIkfpjOmLr4QzlK7QlRzUQ2wG6yKQ-vMRp8De2VaB2QIV0OgzemzhoBdJx_VWZKdtRcuLCoG8vkrYvRzoJujw9ucbT0GGCd8rE1yWDSmySMgBf8K6IMYkyh1jLINqOiShdBKGj5y0RNaCvjaxKWS1ZX3C-S0Zg/w190-h400/Screenshot_20230215_173337.png" width="190" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Both manual and
automatic information processing can produce metadata. Because it just shows
details like the file extension, size, and creation date as well as the author
or creator of the file, automated metadata production is simple. In contrast,
manual creation enables users to provide any pertinent details characterising a
specific file.</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">How are Metadata used in Forensic?</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Metadata essentially
enables digital or computer forensic investigators to comprehend the
"traces" and history of an electronic file. These digital traces must
be appropriately kept because they are delicate. Consider how carefully genuine
physical evidence must be handled at a crime scene to prevent contamination,
missed cues, and evidence manipulation. The same care must be taken with
metadata.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">The following are
some instances of metadata that might be useful in a criminal investigation:</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -35.45pt;">Recover file names, extensions, creation, modification, and access
dates for each file.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">History of
executions, errors, records read and written, etc.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Dates of the file's
creation, modification, and access</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Access all of the
data included in a document.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">See a document's
hidden information</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Show evidence of your
collaboration</span></span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">When using digital
forensic analysis as the basis for a lawsuit, the legitimacy of the evidence
must be reliable, and metadata can assist establish its provenance. For
example, files that have been relocated from their original contexts are seen
as less reliable since there is a chance that the data may be altered if it is
not present on the original device. Because of this, the majority of digital
forensic professionals picture devices before evaluating the data they contain
in order to preserve everything in its original setting. Additionally, having
imaged copies of the original devices enables experts to evaluate the
reliability and effectiveness of files generated from other sources in court by
contrasting and contrasting them with those from the original devices.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Forensic Analysis of Metadata</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Data may take on a
variety of shapes. Databases, word documents, photos, full websites, emails,
and chat sessions may all include data. The list might go on forever, but this
is what necessitates the use of metadata. In addition to having access to a
range of software, forensic scientists may investigate metadata using it. <b>FTK,
Paraben, or Metadata Assistant</b> are a few Windows-compatible
applications for metadata software. <b>MacQuisition</b> is frequently
used by those who favour Macs to carry out searches and other tasks on metadata.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeluKL9cjVqYbe5gK-id6iw6QJ5l8Vh2QHgchj6V2cxLWgQ-_fT3ldAH9dNsqP0H_Z1D0eCHu_AYoADaonPTJk_mr8d8r_8xIq7fNoRZrEJZUCIy8NjQPi2vmfvGYKpx6YC9slL_Pw7HAFKD_P9WkKjOCVTU2EBg59qE88lHdPuGCCxYIBgnEk0jqwww/s895/Softwares.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="895" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeluKL9cjVqYbe5gK-id6iw6QJ5l8Vh2QHgchj6V2cxLWgQ-_fT3ldAH9dNsqP0H_Z1D0eCHu_AYoADaonPTJk_mr8d8r_8xIq7fNoRZrEJZUCIy8NjQPi2vmfvGYKpx6YC9slL_Pw7HAFKD_P9WkKjOCVTU2EBg59qE88lHdPuGCCxYIBgnEk0jqwww/w640-h446/Softwares.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">These software
programmes provide accurate findings based on the available evidence. The forms
allow a forensic scientist to observe, record, and produce reports on the data
set under investigation. These programmes can examine the evidence and create
the fingerprint required for comparison.</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Conformity of Metadata</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: times; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="1286" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibkp4bXzRskozUfB86fw4iSXwOQ70CIEl4-ONUwTKcGvNYSawNgFbm5El1xhrsdB9KBuHufMtN3MQANtGfw2lcd0Yy6moDgG-6yY_Vs3_5Ct5BgNSMO87fCOcaVmoEwbefKUbN9d3zuH0NpqC0yjeMqM8JCTykKy5WfTGwjskLRLz1eelqByRkukph0A/w400-h191/Screenshot_20230215_174746.png" width="400" /></span></div><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span>The information made
available by metadata may be crucial to an investigator in spotting any
alterations or manipulation, and it aids lawyers in drawing conclusions about
the case. When evidence is not properly verified or subjected to enough
scrutiny during the inquiry, the investigation may also fail. Use of
inappropriate tools, systems, or application errors during the collection of
evidence, failure to report exculpatory evidence, misrepresentation of
evidence, inability to recognise pertinent evidence, and falsification of
evidence resulting in misdirection are some of the various factors that could
affect the validity of the evidence. The legal professional must thus
comprehend how digital evidence is gathered, as well as the connection between
the gathering process and the validation of possible evidence.</span></p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Examples of situations where metadata might be crucial include:</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">It can assist in offering an alibi</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">: Say you have to
provide evidence that your client was at home at 6 o'clock. She recalled
looking at a few emails on her own computer and downloading their attachments.
These would provide evidence that she was at home since the metadata would show
that the files were saved to her machine at that time.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Recognizing fraud</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">: Due to some of the subpar design work
that was ordered, your customer is leery. When you look at the file's
information, you discover that the designer didn't work on it at all; rather, a
separate studio produced and worked on it, going against their agreement and
charging the designer's higher charge.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Proof of foreknowledge</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">: A customer asserts
they were dismissed as a result of a colleague's deceptive email sent to their
supervisor. Their employer says that the correspondence didn't influence her
decision and that she just received it after your client was let go. But you
can see from the metadata that she received and read the email before your
customer was let go.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Finding the origin of a data leak</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">: Tim insists that
despite having access to the papers, he didn't provide trade secrets to a
company's rival. You find out from the system's metadata that certain files
were transmitted while Tim was logged in and that a USB drive was connected in
for a short duration.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Metadata is brittle</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlQyVnwCqCihE6sqn1E8CmKVl6_EIoCjdo6vAwe0bIOIoatE-EId8Vcr4aewAt9YZKr4Z6IKuUPclv5nORzi40L7isI2Mu32Wf7RaDYr7huIhNQtCM47HtS80tM7bq_pZKckdVehTwlSmJEWAr-S5Uwy_6Nw0zJ03Jri2tdCVFt7qDzfZ8EXvq3UcbtQ/s740/Screenshot_20230215_174954.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="740" height="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlQyVnwCqCihE6sqn1E8CmKVl6_EIoCjdo6vAwe0bIOIoatE-EId8Vcr4aewAt9YZKr4Z6IKuUPclv5nORzi40L7isI2Mu32Wf7RaDYr7huIhNQtCM47HtS80tM7bq_pZKckdVehTwlSmJEWAr-S5Uwy_6Nw0zJ03Jri2tdCVFt7qDzfZ8EXvq3UcbtQ/w640-h421/Screenshot_20230215_174954.png" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>It's quite simple to
accidentally modify metadata. You'll alter the "last accessed"
metadata date, for instance, if you:<span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Launch a file</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Add a file to a
different computer</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Put a file on a CD or
DVD.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Send an email</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">In reality, by just
starting a computer with evidence on it, you may change hundreds of files. If
you're attempting to establish when a privileged document was last accessed,
this might be an issue.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">References</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[1] S. Raghavan and
S. V. Raghavan, 2014. “AssocGEN:Engine for analyzing metadata based
associations in digital evidence,” Int. Work. Syst. Approaches Digit. Forensics
Eng., SADFE,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[2] J.Riley, 2017
Understanding Metadata: What Is Metadata, and What is it for?.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[3] A. Spore,
2016.“Report Information from ProQuest,” no. June,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[4] Subli, Sugiantoro
& Prayudi, 2017. “ Forensic Metadata to support the investigation process
of the "scientific journal DASI</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[5] S. Raghavan and
S. V Raghavan, 2013. “A study of forensic & analysis tools,” 2013 8th Int.
Work. Syst. Approaches to Digit. Forensics Eng., pp. 1–5,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[6] F. Alanazi and A.
Jones, “The Value of Metadata in Digital Forensics,” Proc. - 2015 Eur. Intell.
Secur. Informatics Conf. EISIC 2015, vol. 8, no. 2011, p. 182,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[7] P. R. Kumar, C.
Srikanth, and K. L. Sailaja, 2016. “Location Identification of the Individual
based on Image Metadata,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 85, no. Cms, pp. 451–454,
2016.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[8] L. Drive, M.
Hall, C. Hill, K. Woods, A. Chassanoff, and C. a Lee, 2013. “Managing and
Transforming Digital Forensics Metadata for Digital Collections,” 10th Int.
Conf. Preserv. Digit. Objects, no. November, pp. 203–208,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[9] R. Sharma and S.
Koshy, 2011. “Promoting Open Source Technology in Education : NetBeans : The
Perfect Open Source IDE,” vol. 4333, pp. 571–575,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[10] Y. Prayudi, 2014
“Problema Dan Solusi Digital Chain Of Custody Dalam Proses Investigasi,”April,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[11] U. Salama, V. Varadharajan, M.
Hitchens, and DUMMY, 2012. “Metadata Based Forensic Analysis of Digital Information
in the Web,” Annu. Symp. Inf. Assur. Secur. Knowl. Manag., pp. 9–15,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-56736142263230220912022-02-16T03:25:00.008-08:002022-02-16T03:38:10.101-08:00Study of Death - Thanatology (Part-1) Video Lecture<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="364" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IpcasdiOKa4" width="483" youtube-src-id="IpcasdiOKa4"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>D</b></span><span style="font-size: medium;">eath can be defined as the end of life. The scientific study of death in all its aspects including its cause and phenomena is called thanatology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this video, we have covered the basics of thanatology. This is the first part of our video series. We have covered the following topics:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Phases of Death</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Brain Death</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Major causes of Death</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Manner of Death</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdeVc_PP7dWRM0FuSvkyXySPjlw1w3kBf_OuxokH2v0IXbCzeJ-139T3ZGkJak3lzpsMbGCqbuC8h4-3GygCe0HUr4QdEECy4EZPspqvuSBii6LEiajedo_M2VdCWxrmtp0bMQL1jfwuOpyvcvJcS9qs-cSIzMWQD6klvDyZE8-QpaRo-_QQhNSLx3rg=s1024" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1024" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdeVc_PP7dWRM0FuSvkyXySPjlw1w3kBf_OuxokH2v0IXbCzeJ-139T3ZGkJak3lzpsMbGCqbuC8h4-3GygCe0HUr4QdEECy4EZPspqvuSBii6LEiajedo_M2VdCWxrmtp0bMQL1jfwuOpyvcvJcS9qs-cSIzMWQD6klvDyZE8-QpaRo-_QQhNSLx3rg=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hope you will find this video informative. Stay tuned for interesting, informative and engaging contents.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">Links to other videos</span></b></div><div style="font-size: large;">Introduction to Thanatology</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipcas...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipcas...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Immediate Changes after death</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXxTD...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXxTD...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Early Changes after death</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDJxZ...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDJxZ...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Algor Mortis</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p7rU...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p7rU...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Livor Mortis</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbqNj...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbqNj...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Rigor Mortis</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p7rU...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p7rU...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Late Changes after death</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BP0-_...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BP0-_...</a></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: large;">Thanatology Playlist Link</div><div style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipcas...">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipcas...</a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><p></p>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-70172762713796584842019-06-17T03:24:00.000-07:002019-06-17T03:24:45.351-07:00India and its neighboring countries<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">India is a great country having extensive borders. Its total borderline is nearly 15000 kms. Its northern frontier stretches from Kashmiri and goes up to Arunachal Pradesh and Assam touching the border of Burma and Bangladesh.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">In the north Kashmir is surrounded by Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet and China. Ladakh is the tri-junction where the frontiers of these three countries </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">kiss each other. Afghanistan is though now friendly towards India, Pakistan and China are hostile.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Along the entire Himalayan range lies the kingdom of Bhutan. The Himalayan kingdom has a benevolent king Its customs, costumes, religion and manners are quite akin to India.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Nepal is a country, situated in the heart of the mighty Himalayas. Its capital is Kathmandu. India</span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"> and Nepal are closely linked culturally and historically. The borders of India also touch the plateau of Tibet. This heavenly kingdom is now under the direct control of Communist China. It does not have good relationships with India. Tibet is Shangrila, a land of tranquility.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Pakistan is the closest neighbour of India. This country came into existence when India was partitioned in 1947. India has always tried her best to be friendly and cordial with Pakistan, but the latter has always been indulging in such activities as are injurious to India. Moreover, in September 1965, in December 1971 and in April-July, 1999, she launched attacks on India.</span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-3862464407874867242019-06-12T01:21:00.000-07:002019-06-12T05:46:58.174-07:00Why do we bury the dead in the ground?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Burial is a
method in which a dead person or animal is placed into the ground. This is
often practiced to pay respect for the dead. People look after them perhaps in
the belief that there is some form of life after death. This method is also practiced
to prevent the odor of decay and to avoid its smell. There are different methods
for burials, i.e. natural burial, mummification, embalming and the use of containers such as shrouds, coffins, graves, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> There is a long tradition of burying our
dead that dates back more than 100,000 years. Some burial sites have been found
at Mehrgarh, Pakistan by the archeologists which indicate that the burial method was practiced
thousands of years ago. It is an important tradition and holds a great value to
many, but let us explore more specifically why this is done. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> All
religions have different traditions and rituals that serve to honor the dead and
assist bereaved families in handling their grief. Each major religion has its
customs concerning burial. Although that vary widely, the one common
denominator is respected for the body. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> In </span><b style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Islam</b><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">, the deceased are to be buried within 24 hours of death. “The 24 hours burial is not in the Qu’ran but is a cultural practice form the faith’s desire to respect the body and to avoid decay,” says Russell Mohammed. </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZK08M6Nv6aM6D1HBTllh8L4quEx5CUFyDdelsYR_JupTx_ZpVHIPAfJiNVg1d5Mw5nnUV35lS-lrSnvb3OCWVfgPDByGUg8QIlNd7N-2qSqKaE0LoJOwWTR_U0jq3dX8A5EizZ02sU75_/s1600/4685719049_a64cd4024d_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZK08M6Nv6aM6D1HBTllh8L4quEx5CUFyDdelsYR_JupTx_ZpVHIPAfJiNVg1d5Mw5nnUV35lS-lrSnvb3OCWVfgPDByGUg8QIlNd7N-2qSqKaE0LoJOwWTR_U0jq3dX8A5EizZ02sU75_/s320/4685719049_a64cd4024d_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He is the director of the Mid-America Muslim
Cemetery. The body is taken to cemetery (place where the remains of dead people
are buried) after the prayers. They bury the body in the ground, where it
becomes part of the soil. The upper part of the body, the head, is turned
toward Mecca.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> In
<b>Hinduism</b>, there is no burial. The bodies are burned in a special ceremony (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mukhagni)</i>. According to the Hindu
religion, when someone dies, the soul passes into another body. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjyRvm_qw_5KDd3EV7uD7VsDyuXvCNLqxs6xmqtzNYqg-lnQV-HuqQAL4r5BNfuQDV88OaZr2Y4PktceFCv6MIFjwnxIpOA8J6NPDanw0KhVpbxSKWPsz3tuYHRJo_UEfkJFdrGBDG9t3/s1600/rupi_312298_1%255B506215%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="450" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjyRvm_qw_5KDd3EV7uD7VsDyuXvCNLqxs6xmqtzNYqg-lnQV-HuqQAL4r5BNfuQDV88OaZr2Y4PktceFCv6MIFjwnxIpOA8J6NPDanw0KhVpbxSKWPsz3tuYHRJo_UEfkJFdrGBDG9t3/s320/rupi_312298_1%255B506215%255D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Hindu funerals
have three main parts:</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9nPe64ZiiiOC5CW8Z9EfahYRvWGzm1ntHp5nXfnbk115Xzrilpdk12swKEzOFrtd8tk_hrn-FEs6C8ofvyDOsX3EefPIbtfCh1kgP6uJ1i9QnXzCubHC5r0rzwICGvZrLIERz9fVpTuQ/s1600/Chief-Mourner-Lighting-Pyre-300x168.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9nPe64ZiiiOC5CW8Z9EfahYRvWGzm1ntHp5nXfnbk115Xzrilpdk12swKEzOFrtd8tk_hrn-FEs6C8ofvyDOsX3EefPIbtfCh1kgP6uJ1i9QnXzCubHC5r0rzwICGvZrLIERz9fVpTuQ/s1600/Chief-Mourner-Lighting-Pyre-300x168.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9nPe64ZiiiOC5CW8Z9EfahYRvWGzm1ntHp5nXfnbk115Xzrilpdk12swKEzOFrtd8tk_hrn-FEs6C8ofvyDOsX3EefPIbtfCh1kgP6uJ1i9QnXzCubHC5r0rzwICGvZrLIERz9fVpTuQ/s1600/Chief-Mourner-Lighting-Pyre-300x168.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1. </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Funeral in the family’s home<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mukhagni </span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(cremation
ceremony)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Shraddha </span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(takes
place about 10 days after the death)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The ashes
of the burnt body are put in an urn and given to the family.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> In <b>Christianity</b>,
people believe that dying is the end of a person’s life on earth, but that soul
lives on in an afterlife. The funeral is typically held about one week after
the time of death. It serves to reflect on the righteousness of the life that
has one’s soul will go to Heaven. The three official goals of Christian funeral
are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reflect on someone’s life on earth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pray to God that the loved one gets into Heaven<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Give strength to friends and family to cope with their
loss.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">With most
modern cultures cementing the location of their deceased with grave stones, can
be hugely important.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Non -Religious Funeral</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A
non-religious funeral means a ceremony to honor the body that is not tied to
any traditions, rituals or beliefs of any particular religion. Because there is
no tradition set for non-religious burial ceremonies, they tend to be highly
personalized. The guests who attend a non-religious funeral can expect a range
of scenarios: an open casket funeral, a closed casket funeral, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzgWY88qVHfFxklawaa0JDRzIKgMT_RWvosDtpzhpvwnPz-xu6yzYBysFTOJXFdvS5eGy16Shbu6KpEnAhLB5rrItB7CgL_UYV4oSEDBaYzYvcIiUksq_C1BOTBF2LtfqKcf2Wx23qMJpZ/s1600/changing-bodies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="351" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzgWY88qVHfFxklawaa0JDRzIKgMT_RWvosDtpzhpvwnPz-xu6yzYBysFTOJXFdvS5eGy16Shbu6KpEnAhLB5rrItB7CgL_UYV4oSEDBaYzYvcIiUksq_C1BOTBF2LtfqKcf2Wx23qMJpZ/s320/changing-bodies.jpg" width="225" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As we discussed, different religions have different
rituals practice for burial and the reasons why we bury our dead are many. But
the most important is that it reveals much about who we are and where we come
from.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-24542172404362695572016-01-25T05:53:00.002-08:002016-01-25T05:54:47.035-08:0010 Rules for Positive Parenting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNDqKh_B6l5j6zVuTfWn8t1iIbEHAqWJr_zUP5ljVyrEwETeoRqRh9zHvkbaJlGdbFuUR3Gxhyphenhyphen2Ev1bFwuaQbPvJhmoW7Xr3sgCHT4IIyZj94L71sPwcdJcy8yPW7RpczwSDPAzqTh7kNh/s1600/Family-300x229.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNDqKh_B6l5j6zVuTfWn8t1iIbEHAqWJr_zUP5ljVyrEwETeoRqRh9zHvkbaJlGdbFuUR3Gxhyphenhyphen2Ev1bFwuaQbPvJhmoW7Xr3sgCHT4IIyZj94L71sPwcdJcy8yPW7RpczwSDPAzqTh7kNh/s400/Family-300x229.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Know your child</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Parents fall short when
they try to make their children more intelligent, assertive, and graceful or
accomplished than they are naturally disposed to be. They fail them just as
much when they ignore or deny their real talents and temperament.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Know yourself</span></b><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Examine your motives in
wanting more from your child. Parents may have their own shame or unmet needs
that they project onto their children. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do you want our child to take dance
lessons because your parents forced them on you? Were you a mediocre athlete
but hope for trophy in the next generation? </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Educate yourself</span></b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Talk to other parents
and your pediatrician, and read child-development books to learn what you can
reasonably except from your child at each stage of his life. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Empathize. </span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Take time to see yourself through your
child’s eyes. Do you act embarrassed by him? Do you point out only his
mistakes? Would you want to be treated that way?</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Make adjustments</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. “No one responds well to someone who
is accusatory or judgemental. If you find yourself harping on what your child
can’t do, refocus on her strengths. Once you change your attitude, you may find
that she changes too.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collaborate</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Create a partnership with your child
in which he can participate in setting appropriate goals and solving problems. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Read how your child feels</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Your child’s behavior-
anger, fidgeting, procrastination- says a lot about whether she is being asked
to do more than she can manage.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Explore possibilities</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. A good way to encourage
I to expose your children to a variety of environments, including sports, the
arts, nature and science. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keep your eye on the end goal</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. A parent’s main
objective should be to raise a child who loves well and takes pleasure in life.
You don’t want to stifle curiosity, initiative and confidence. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Avoid comparisons</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. A style of parenting
that works for one child may backfire for his sibling. Every child has his own
personality. </span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-81373558497414567252015-06-16T21:31:00.001-07:002015-06-16T21:31:26.155-07:00Tips for Speaking English Better<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Language study
requires hard work and careful effort. Some ways have proven themselves more
successful than others. Ten such ways are given here for your improvement.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.</span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Find a
Partner.</span></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communication in any language is really
practical when there are two agents. Therefore, at the beginning you have to
find a partner for making English conversation and it is better to find a
partner from your peers with whom you are really comfortable to communicate may
be with all your mistakes </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Start thinking everything in English and use
chunks.</span></u></span></b></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Don’t try to speak sentences translated from
other languages. Always think in English and speak spontaneously. Talk to
yourself. Play back in your mind the language what you just heard, mimicking
(to copy the way somebody speaks) intonation, stress (an extra force used when
pronouncing a particular word), etc. This will help you to improve your
fluency. </span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This helps the beginners particularly. Chunks
are phrases or groups of words which can be learnt as a unit by one who is
learning a language. Examples of chunks are ‘Can I have the bill, please?’ and
‘Pleased to meet you’, etc. This is another way to improve your fluency. It is
because, while learning English, it is very important to notice how words are
often heard together. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.</span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Don’t worry too much about Making Mistakes.</span></u></span></b></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Get
over your shyness and hesitation. Use the language as often as you can; may be
with a lot of mistakes at the beginning. Slowly, you will be all right. The
more you speak the faster you will learn. Also don't try to avoid the “illers’
/noises’, “repetition of words’, ‘pauses’ etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Even the native
speakers use “filler’ phrases to varying degrees. These are phrases like “What
I’m trying to say is ...”, “If you know what I mean . . . “, “Let me think a
minute here...”etc., which give speakers a small space to think before they
express their next idea. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Don’t worry about starting trouble</span></u></span></b></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Even
native speakers of English find it difficult to get started. So, don’t let the
starting trouble disturb you. Using discourse markers (a word or phrase that
organizes spoken language into different parts, for example ‘Well …’ or ‘On the
other hand …’) is a good idea in handling starting trouble. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Okay, all right, right then, well, hmm’, you
know, like, etc., are all examples of discourse markers used in conversation.
They are employed to give the speaker a second to think about what he wants to
say. At the beginning don’t speak fast. Being fluent does NOT mean speaking
quickly. It is better to speak slowly and clearly at the beginning than quickly
and incoherently. People will not understand you if you speak too quickly with
the wrong intonation (the rise and fall of the voice in speaking, especially as
this affects the meaning of what is being said). </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
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<br /></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Don’t follow written English Style and don’t
learn by heart.</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Don’t try to follow a formal written English
style or don’t make deliberate attempts to speak full and complete sentences as
in written English. Also don’t try to connect your sentences through logical
connectors like ’Above all’, ‘in addition to’ etc.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hear English Everywhere.</span></u></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Have you ever asked yourself: “How did I learn
my own language?” In fact, you never really “learned” it at all - you just
started speaking it. One day, when you were about two or three years old, you
started speaking your language. A few words at first, not full sentences. But
you spoke. And very soon you made progress without even thinking about it. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It was like magic !
But it wasn’t magic. It was the result of hearing. For two to three years
before you spoke, you heard people speaking your language all day and may be
all night. You heard people speaking your language. May be you listened to
people, but more importantly you heard them. For two to three years, words went
IN to your head. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Then words came OUT of
your head! That is why hearing (and listening to) English as much as possible
is so important to you now. The more English you put in, the more you’ll get out!
There are many ways of hearing English: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Radio:</span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Two of the best
international networks are the BBC World Service and Voice of America. Both of
them have special programmes for learners of English. In addition to this you
can make it a habit to listen to News broadcast by All India Radio.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Television: </span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TV helps both in
hearing and listening to English. The pictures help you understand what is
being said. Again BBC, CNN, DD News, NDTV24/7, Star News etc, are the good
choices to serve our purpose. When you are watching TV, observe the mouth
movements of the speakers. Repeat what they are saying, imitating the
intonation and rhythm of their speech.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cinema:</span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Make it a habit to
watch to English films. If you need to read the sub-titles, at least you’ll be
hearing English even if you don’t understand it.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CD Player / Computer: </span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CD player has one
really great advantage. You can hear/watch repeatedly by replaying them. If
there are sub-titles, you can cover them with paper (which you can remove if
you really don’t understand after listening several times).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Friends: </span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Try to make friendship with English-speaking
people so that you can practice your English through conversation. This will
serve as an exercise for your speaking as well as listening. At least you can
chat a little by telephone. Thus, if you want to speak English better in the
future, speak it as much as, possible NOW! Finally, don’t worry if you don’t
understand everything you hear. Hearing comes first! Understanding comes next! </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Record your own voice (if possible) and listen
for pronunciation mistakes. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Develop your Active Vocabulary.</span></u></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Active vocabulary consists of the words you
use frequently and comfortably in speaking and writing, while passive
vocabulary consists of the words you recognize when you read and listen. So one
has to increase his Active Vocabulary to be good speaker. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Learn new words every
day. If you add 5 words a day, to your vocabulary, you will learn about 150 new
words a month. As you are searching for words that you want to know, it will be
easier to remember them. Do it this way </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a) Keep a small notebook handy: Think of a
word you know in your mother tongue. As you read, study, listen to TV or talk
with other people, note down words and expressions that you think would be
helpful for you.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b) Look it up in your
dictionary. Refer only an English - English dictionary. Get into the habit of
looking up words which you don't know and their phonetic symbols (for correct
pronunciation of words when you are not sure).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">c) Write the English definition of every
thing.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">d) Copy a sentence
from the dictionary. This will help you learn how to use the word correctly. Do
not yet write your own sentence. Practice reading this sentence until it
becomes natural for you.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Make Substututions.</span></u></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you learn some basic sentences in English,
you will be able to make unlimited number of sentences based on this basic
structure. This process is called substitution. Let us see how it works : Basic
sentence</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">: Do you speak English?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Substitutions:</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I. Do you speak Hindi / Do you speak Spanish?
/ Do you speak Tamil ? / Do you speak Greek? / Do you speak Italian ? (Just
imagine how many sentences you can make substituting English).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">II. Do your sisters
speak English (Just imagine how many sentences you can make substituting you
into your...</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">III.Do you speak English fluently?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(Just imagine how many sentences you can make
adding one more word )</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9. </span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Read
aloud (the books that are not too difficult).</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Read aloud in English
for one to two hours each day. This will help you strengthen the mouth muscles
that you use when you speak English. It will also help you to Listen, Speak and
learn new words. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Find a book that is
not too difficult - don’t be embarrassed to start with a children’s storybook
with pictures! Once you feel comfortable with these kinds of books, you can
start reading simple short stories and then graduate to novels</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10.</span><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Make
a promise. </span></u></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is said that zeal
without action is fire without heat. So be active from today. Even make a promise
to follow all the above tips. On one fine day you will be speaking fluent
English. It is true like law of gravitation. Follow the AIM CARD that will be
given to you at the beginning of the course. So this is a new day in your life.
Look forward. Success will be yours.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Remember for speaking
better in English you have to listen and read a lot. </span></div>
<br /></div>
PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-70879104321731401122015-05-31T07:24:00.002-07:002023-02-07T01:57:40.746-08:00 Homophones I Words having same pronunciation but different meanings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX7R2S8ry26ChFIYMNVt_v3wGWaGlaqQ_0qjqhNxmADnM52emTe5oIZ3ir8qeKzoCBb3Kw_M_ubFJ_TvJViUROyObgA7kCaBwA2qdwRrWSnDiXP4DzbZro4KKTH0cjzuE4P-g-gtyUffmw/s1600/homophone-weakly-thumbnail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1200" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX7R2S8ry26ChFIYMNVt_v3wGWaGlaqQ_0qjqhNxmADnM52emTe5oIZ3ir8qeKzoCBb3Kw_M_ubFJ_TvJViUROyObgA7kCaBwA2qdwRrWSnDiXP4DzbZro4KKTH0cjzuE4P-g-gtyUffmw/s400/homophone-weakly-thumbnail.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">English is full of words that sound similar or identical, but that mean
different things. Only in English can you “stare at the stair,” “sail to the
sale,” “break the brake,” or “brush the hare’s hair.” Such words are
called </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">HOMOPHONES.</b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">HOMOPHONES -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> <b>Each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but
different meanings, origins, or spelling.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It can be hard to remember which spelling refers to which meaning. As a
result, sound-alike words are often used incorrectly in writing. (In spoken
English, of course, sound-alikes are not an issue. Spelling doesn’t matter when
you talk!)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> This post
includes fourteen sound-alike word groups that tend to give writers fits. Read
the definitions, and memorize the helpful hints. You’ll be on your way to
better written grammar in no time at all!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <u>Don’t confuse “except” and “accept.</u>”</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In its most common usage, “except” is a preposition. It means with the
exception of: <i>Everyone except Hector went to the circus</i>. “Accept”
is a verb. It means to receive, approve, or believe: <i>Denise accepted
the award. I was accepted to the gifted program. I accept what you’re telling
me.</i> To keep “except” and “accept” straight, remember that “a” is the
first letter of the word “action.” “Accept,” which is a verb and therefore an
action word, also starts with “a”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <u>Don’t confuse “affect” and “effect.</u>”</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“Affect “is a verb. It means to influence something: </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">His hard
work will affect his grade in that course. </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“Effect” is usually a noun,
and it means the result of something: </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">His hard work will have a good
effect on his grade in that course.</i></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The word “effect” is
also sometimes (though not often) used a verb. As a verb, the word means to
make something happen: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">That new law will certainly effect change.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> To keep “affect”
and “effect” straight, apply the same rule you learned in the Tip 1. “Affect”
is an action word “effect” usually isn’t.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <u>Don’t
confuse “capitol” and “capital</u>.”</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">A “capitol” is a
building where a state’s or country’s government meets: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The officials
gathered in the capitol.</i></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The noun “capital” has
several meanings. A capital may be the city that contains the capitol: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pierre
is the capital of South Dakota. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It can refer to wealth: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">She
will need a lot of capital to start her own business. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It can mean an
uppercase letter: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Always use a capital at the beginning of a
sentence. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">And finally, it can refer to the main or most famous city in
a certain respect: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Philadelphia is sometimes called cheesesteak capital
of the world.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> If you get mixed
up, just remember that “capitol” only means a government building. For every
other usage, “capital” is the correct word.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <u>Don’t confuse the words “compliment” and “complement.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Compliment” can be a noun or a verb. As a noun, it means a flattering
remark: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">She always receives lots of compliments when she wears that
beautiful dress. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> As a verb, it means to give a compliment: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">John
complimented Lara on her new hairdo.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Complement” can also be a
noun or a verb. As a noun, it means something that completes or improves
something else: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gravy is the perfect complement to mashed potatoes. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As
a verb , it means to complete or to improve: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The players’ styles
complemented each other nicely.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It may help to
picture the word “complement” as “comple(te)ment.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <u>Don’t confuse “stationary” and “stationery.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Stationary” is an adjective. It means staying in one place: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Judy
exercised by riding the stationary bicycle.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Stationary” is a noun. It means
writing materials: <i>Lisa’s stationery is covered with pictures of teddy
bears.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">To tell the difference between
these words, remember that “stationary”, which is an adjective, is the word
that contains the “a” instead of the “e” – and “a” stands for adjective.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. <u>Don’t
confuse “principle” and “principal.</u>”</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Principle” is a
noun. It means a basic rule or assumption: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">He struggled to learn the
principles of geometry. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Principal” can be a noun or an adjective. As
a noun, it usually means the leader of a school or business: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
principal gave me detention. The executives wrote a report for the principals. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As
an adjective, it means most important: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lester has the principal role in
the play.</i></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here’s
a memory shortcut for you. Remember this phrase: “The princi</span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>pal</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> is
your </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>pal</i></b><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">.” </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">That takes care of the noun version
of the word. As for the rest…. Well, once again, the “a” in “principal” stands
for “adjective.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. <u>Don’t confuse “then” and “than.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Then” is an adverb. It indicates a time sequence: <i>Carrie
sneezed, and then blew her nose. </i>“Than” is usually a conjunction. It
indicates a comparison: <i>My brother is two years older than I am. That’s
easier said than done.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">8. <u>Don’t confuse “further” and “farther.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Further” can be an adverb or an adjective. As an adverb, it means to a
greater degree: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The disobedient child further annoyed her tired
mother. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As an adjective, it means additional: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eddie needed
further help.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Farther” can also
be an adverb or an adjective. As an adverb, it means to a greater distance:</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The
library is a little farther down this road. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">As an adjective, it means
more distant: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are more coconuts on the farther side of the
island.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remember
that in either form, the word “farther” </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">always </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">involves
measurable distance. If you could use a ruler on something, “farther” is
correct. If not, “further” is the word you’re looking for.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">9. <u>Don’t confuse “lie” and “lay.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
In their verb forms, “lie” and “lay” are two of the, most commonly confused
words in the English language. So if you have a trouble in this area, you are
not alone!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The word “lie” has
many definitions. Its most often confused one is to rest in a horizontal
position: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The cat lies on its cushion. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The word “lay,”
too, has many definitions, but its most often confused one is to put in
positions: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lay your coat on the couch.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It Might
help you to remember that “lay” always requires an object. That is, you must
always say </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">what you’re laying</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> for this word to be correct. You
can “lay down the law” (lay what? The </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">law</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">) but you can’t “lay on
the bed” (lay what? A </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">pillow</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is no simple
solution to this grammar challenge. Practice until you get it right!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">10. <u>Don’t confuse “sit” and “set.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The difference between “sit” and “set” is very similar to the difference
between “lie” and “lay.” In its most common definition, “sit” means to rest on
the haunches: <i>The elephant will sit on that little stool. </i>The
most often confused meaning of “set” is to place: <i>Rosie set the apple
on the table.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Sit” is not often used in place of
“set.” “Set,” however, is commonly misused. You might hear someone saying, “I
think I’ll just set here awhile.” Wrong!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here’s a hint. Like “lay,” “set”
requires an object. If the object is missing, you know the word “set” is wrong.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">11. <u>Don’t confuse “it’s” and “its</u>.”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> A lot of people make this mistake, but it’s actually an easy one to avoid if
you remember that “it’s” is <i>always</i> a contraction for either
“it is” or “it has.” In every other circumstance, “its” is correct<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Right: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It’s a bad idea.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Right: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The bird carries worms to its babies.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">When in doubt, substitute the words “it
is” for “its” or “it’s.” </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is a bad idea </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">sounds right</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">, </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">so
you know the contraction “it’s” is appropriate. </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The bird carries worms
to it is babies, </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">however, is obviously wrong, so you must go with
“its.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">12. <u>Don’t confuse “you’re” and “your</u>.”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
These words, too, are easy to tell apart if you remember that “you’re” is
always a contraction for “you are.” In most other circumstances, “your” is
correct. (There is another sound-alike word, “yore,” which means long ago. But
most people don’t use this word too much. “You’re” and “your” are much more
common.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">In these examples, “you’re” and “your” are used
correctly:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> You’re
my best friend.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Can
I borrow your book?</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Use the same substitution trick you learned in Tip 10 if you are not sure which
word to use. You’ll see very quickly that </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">You are my best friend </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">is
correct while </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Can I borrow you are book </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">is not correct.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <u>Don’t confuse “they’re” and “there”
and “their.</u>”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i> </i>Once again, contraction can help you. Start by remembering that
“they’re” is always a contraction for “they are”: <i>They’re going to
spend the day at the beach.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The next two are a little trickier,
but still not too tough. “There” is usually an adverb, and it indicates a place
or position: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Stand over there. There he is. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Their” is an
adjective, and it indicates possession: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The rock pile blocked their
path. </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Whose path? </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Theirs</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Here’s a memory trick to help you.
“There” is spelled like “where.” If you can ask the question “where” about a
sentence (Stand </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">where? </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There. He is </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">where? </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">There.),
then sound0-alike word “there” is the right choice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">14. <u>Don’t confuse “too,” "two" and “to.</u>” </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
“Too” is an adverb. It can mean either in addition. <i>Give me some
cookies, too! </i>or overly: <i>There are too many mosquitoes out
tonight.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Two” is usually an adjective, and it
indicates a number: <i>Take two aspirin and call me in the morning.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> “To” is usually a preposition. In its most
common usage, it indicates movement toward a person, place, or thing:</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> I
biked to school. I gave the gum to Pete.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">For most people, the word “two” isn’t
the problem. “To” and “too,” however, are often confused. Unfortunately, there
is no easy trick to remembering how these words are used. This is one more area
where practice makes perfect.</span></p>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-44261991878463551062014-03-14T06:12:00.002-07:002019-06-07T03:09:34.394-07:00Apps for Women's Safety<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The status of women has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. Violence against women is increasing day by day and some android applications have been developed for their safety. Here, I am providing you the detailed information of some useful applications </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">1.<u>Circle Of 6</u></span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OgymCj-BM0_WtBTiqSq8JcVinor-mTSXhXOD-kjeoxOK6WwtxRzM0wajLRpdSJDzH63nytPjV3-Ja5xIfvPPSWZFfD4EGuTOZnL6vjKtnx2CYoSEgJGsZWpWrl3zJgW0Xz6NCekHVptH/s1600/cof6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3OgymCj-BM0_WtBTiqSq8JcVinor-mTSXhXOD-kjeoxOK6WwtxRzM0wajLRpdSJDzH63nytPjV3-Ja5xIfvPPSWZFfD4EGuTOZnL6vjKtnx2CYoSEgJGsZWpWrl3zJgW0Xz6NCekHVptH/s1600/cof6.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">>></span><u><span style="font-size: small;">Introduction</span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With Circle of 6, you can connect with your friends to stay close, stay safe and prevent violence before it happens.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">The Circle of 6 app for iPhone and Android makes it quick and easy to reach the 6 friends you choose.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">Need help getting home? Need an interruption? Two touches lets your circle know where you are and how they can help.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">Icons represent actions; so that no one can tell what you’re up to.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">Designed for college students, it’s fast, easy-to-use and private.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">It’s the mobile way to look out for your friends, on campus or when you’re out for the night.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">>></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-size: small;">What it does</span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">You're out late and you lose track of your friends. Use Circle of 6 to send your circle a “come and get me” message- with a map using GPS to show your precise location.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">You're on a date that starts to get uncomfortable. You need a polite way to excuse yourself. Use Circle of 6 to alert your circle to call you and interrupt the situation.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">You're seeing someone new, but you have some doubts about how things are going. Use Circle of 6 to access a wealth of online information about healthy relationships.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">In critical situations, use Circle of 6 to call two pre-programmed national hotlines or a local emergency number of your choice.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">2.<u>Nirbhaya</u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This app is made by a software
company of Pune. An app that gives you an opportunity to become a Socially
Responsible Citizen of India. This app provides you the facility to call the
emergency helpline numbers when needed. If you want help, then press the ‘Nirbhaya’
button given in this app and the message will be sent to the contact group that
you have created. It also gives the information of your location.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;">3.<u>Life360 Family Locator</u></span></strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">More than an app, it notifies close and dear ones about the trouble. It provides useful information; for instance, about the criminals in the neighbourhood, tracking the most visited locations and so on. It also keeps connected with the family members on a daily basis and with the aid of GPS, it informs others about the exact location though messages, calls and emails with the press of a button. Its usage can be beyond safety issues. The app is available for free and can be used in iPhone, Android and Blackberry phones.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">4.<u>b Safe</u></span></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHSIL-fkUjEyFe6THx0KlOMmU6fhUxQ5L4Ne1A7euHuWlr33r_Ohfl2EeLYmCYEiveFq3te3VDEL_lEgMKbViNZ-ORh088ugHb3pkvfEPwo4teI526CehXEGwlPWx814QJhMYq9Asznozl/s1600/be+safe.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHSIL-fkUjEyFe6THx0KlOMmU6fhUxQ5L4Ne1A7euHuWlr33r_Ohfl2EeLYmCYEiveFq3te3VDEL_lEgMKbViNZ-ORh088ugHb3pkvfEPwo4teI526CehXEGwlPWx814QJhMYq9Asznozl/s1600/be+safe.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">>><u>Introduction</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">bSafe is a personal safety app designed to keep you and your friends safer 24/7. It’s packed with features for both everyday safety and real emergencies, making it the ultimate safety tool for you and everyone you love. bSafe puts safety in YOUR hand - for FREE! Set up your own personal social safety network today.<br /><br />Have you ever felt unsafe when walking alone at night, or jogging on a running trail? Have you ever needed an excuse to get out of a bad date or long meeting, or simply been looking for an easier way to hook up with your closest friends? Have you ever worried about how you actually would get help in case of an emergency?</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">>></span></span><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">bSafe can help in all situations:</span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Set up your own social personal safety network of friends,
family and coworkers</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Share locations to find each other more easily (optional)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Ask friends to walk you home with Follow Me’s live GPS
trace, or help friends stay safer by walking them home from wherever you are</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Use Timer Mode to program an automatic alarm that will
trigger if you have not checked in in time</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Use I’m Here to tell selected people where you are right
now</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• Use Fake Call to make the phone ring when you want it to.
You can even define who the call should be from</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">• And in case you are ever in trouble, the Guardian Alert
button will immediately notify your friends and family members that you need
help, and let them know where you are (GPS) and what’s happening (video). It
will even set off a siren (optional)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">5.<u>SOS Whistle</u></span></b></span></div>
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>> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Introduction</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">This app play a whistle sound in a high volume. If your phone is at silent mode and you are in any hurdle, even then whistle sound will be played.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The whistle
sound is played when a button given in this app is pressed.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> It will stop if you press the button again. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">6.<u>Vith U</u></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">>><u>Introduction</u></span><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">“Vith U App” can help you in any emergency or danger. This app was introduced by Channel V and Gumrah Team. Vith U app is just an awesome app, not for girls but it is helpful for everyone.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">>><u>How To Use</u></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">First of all download this app, now open this app and add your few contacts on it, generally your guardians, brother or close friends. Now whenever you found yourself in trouble, just open the Vith U App and click on activate button twice. After tapping activate button, this app automatically start sending out alert messages to all the contacts you saved into this app. And this automated alert message states: “I am in danger. I need help. Please follow my location.” This automated message gets delivered to the all contacts you saved in this app along with the link of your current location. This automated message keeps delivering again and again after the gap of 2 minutes.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">7.<u>Guardly</u></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a personal safety application designed for women which connects with all of the safety network connections. It differs from the other apps as it places phone calls to those listed contacts along with the name, real-time location and the type of emergencies- “Stroke” or “Walking Home Alone” and also enables to identify different locations. It has a profile page where the user can includes personal information like birth date, eye’ hair color, weight, height, blood type and so on. The subscribed version enables responders to connect to conference calls. The paid version includes tracking of real-time location. It is available for iPhone, iPod Touch, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone 7 phones.</span></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>8.<u>FightBack</u></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqh30gj3PIXBwbuzVA0j8tI42Kb07PRLe9dsT5BV8PIrJM3xJMsFT68RDcCiTTtLW6wNIYadaL6dyoChadx822xLZ-nTIvCjQIW-C2LD1OE_mdTDH8UVkLvjdkS6PbM2DcFtHzM52HcPNI/s1600/fightback.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqh30gj3PIXBwbuzVA0j8tI42Kb07PRLe9dsT5BV8PIrJM3xJMsFT68RDcCiTTtLW6wNIYadaL6dyoChadx822xLZ-nTIvCjQIW-C2LD1OE_mdTDH8UVkLvjdkS6PbM2DcFtHzM52HcPNI/s1600/fightback.png" width="316" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">FightBack, developed by the Mahindra group firm, is an application that ensures women safety as it works across various range of phones. Earlier, the application was charged as per the usage, but recently after the Delhi gang rape case, the company has started giving free access to the app. It uses GPS, GPRS, SMS, emails and even Facebook to inform friends in need of help. It also shows location on Google Maps and sends SOS emergency text messages to close and dear ones. The app is available for Android and Nokia phones and for phones which support Java apps.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-16581162123065348822013-09-29T01:20:00.001-07:002014-02-24T23:46:46.737-08:00Kalidasa – the country’s ageless poet- laureate<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">K</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">alidasa is the all time national poet of India, and the
country’s ageless poet- laureate. He is looked upon as </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kavikulaguru</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, the Poet of Poets. He has written two long poems, the
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ritusamhara</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meghaduta</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, two epics, the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kumarasambhava</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
and the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Raghuvamsa</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> and three plays
the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Malvikagnimitra</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vikramorvasiya</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> and the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Saakuntalam</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNhi7vyoD0d9Ofri_FRnjgUVcwoYCoKBuAU-8PY-u_kgwVEnIPoKX2ShyMY54_IfYP-xZa9xo-kOUXYq_YcCh9sh5D1LKrX0GDGWQjIjJJZ2mtJQw9uSR1K0A4sna0R19au8kxfz5K7nYW/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNhi7vyoD0d9Ofri_FRnjgUVcwoYCoKBuAU-8PY-u_kgwVEnIPoKX2ShyMY54_IfYP-xZa9xo-kOUXYq_YcCh9sh5D1LKrX0GDGWQjIjJJZ2mtJQw9uSR1K0A4sna0R19au8kxfz5K7nYW/s320/images.jpeg" height="200" title="Kalidasa" width="148" /></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ritusamhara</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
(Collection of Seasons) and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meghaduta</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
(The Cloud Messenger) are called Kalidasa’s lyric-poems expressing the poet’s
own thoughts. Both are basically love poems and in the form of a lover
addressing his beloved. In the ‘Seasons’, the poet himself assumes the role of
a lover and in the first person, speaks to women he is in love with. He describes
the six seasons into which the year is divided in India, in their proper
sequence, and invites her to share with him the delights of each season. The
seasons are </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">greeshma</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (summer), </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">varsha</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (rainy season), </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sharad</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (autumn), </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">hemanta</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (the season of dew or early winter), </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sisira</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (mid-winter) and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">vasantha</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
(spring). The poem is a celebration of life. In fact Kalidasa, more than any
other world poet, celebrated life through all his works.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">‘The Cloud Messenger’ is about the
pain of separation a husband feels on being separated from his wife. The hero
is a Yaksha, a semi-celestial being who has his home in Alaka, a city of
unequalled beauty in the upper Himalayas. He is the service of his king, the
king of Yakshas.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Yaksha is now living in exile,
having been banished by his king for some lapse in the performance of his duty.
He is exiled by the king for one year to Ramagiri, a distant place somewhere in
central India. Fortunately for him it is a place of serene beauty with ‘abodes
of sages among shady trees and sacred streams’. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A few months of the exile are already
over and now the rainy season is quite near. The thought of his wife has never for
a moment left him with its attendant pain of separation. He sees a rain cloud
high up in the sky. Monsoon clouds in India generally go northward in the
direction of the Himalayas, where Alaka is situated. So he beseeches the cloud
to carry his message of love and solace to his distraught wife. Kalidasa uses
his Cloud Messenger to present a fleeting view of the India of his times. Its
mythology, rivers and mountains, countryside and cities, people in their
various moods like wives anxious for the return of their husbands from distant
lands, maidens gathering flowers, courtesans, men given to drinking, evening
worship in temples, are all focused momentarily.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The epics Kumarasambhava (The birth of
Kumara) and Raghuvamsa (The dynasty of Raghu) have their themes taken from
Indian mythology. So also is the theme of the play Saakuntalam, which is the
poet’s most celebrated work. All the three plays are centered in love like
‘Romeo and Juliet’, but unlike Shakespeare’s great tragedy, Kalidasa plays have
happy endings.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kalidasa is the supreme nature poet. “Rarely
has a man walked our earth who observed the phenomena of living nature as
accurately as he, though his accuracy was of course that of the poet, not of
the scientist,” says the great critic A.W. Ryder. “Much is lost to us who grow
among other plants and animals; yet we can appreciate his ‘bee-black hair’, his
ahoka tree ‘that sheds its blossoms in a rain of tears’, his river ‘wearing
somber veil of mist’.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Though he is India’s icon of poetry,
even his date and place of birth are still subjects of scholarly debate and
research. The dates proposed vary from the second century BC to the third
century AD. Claims for his place of birth also vary widely from Kashmir and Bengal
to Kerala. His works suggest he has travelled widely and has a firsthand
knowledge of the India of his time.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">His parentage is also shrouded in
mystery. According to the most popular legend he was born a goatherd in the
Malwa country. He was an unlettered boy tending goats, when he providentially
received the gift of learning from Goddess Kali, fierce as well as
compassionate. Judging by the knowledge of scriptures he displays in his works,
some scholars hold the view that he was born of Brahmin parents. There is yet
another school, who consider him of Greek origin. They base their argument from
the bold freedom of his poetry in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ritusamhara</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kalidasa was, by all accounts, a
legend in his own lifetime. He was one of the nine gems – </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">navaratnas </span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">– in the court of an equally legendary ruler, King Vikramaditya
of Ujjain. The many legends about him popular across India depict him a
happy-go-lucky type of man, but a great scholar, living the luxurious life of a
court-poet, respected and cherished by the king himself.</span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-12921971925113265452013-06-20T06:25:00.004-07:002013-06-20T06:25:52.521-07:00The Caste System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigaJPaGIqCE9ceyZKu0ZrmDFUPGczzeymVq_wOUfbVFx0QRG7NFJyZekqcqL8cH9F9aQS0RhNhu16e_hoooHPuJhY-eScZ2St3IbJnX96RlSZ3okEX-C42Fb6oy3X7mTpswJQG5h_nhEf/s1600/tumblr_m8vgq14d9y1qec6f4.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigaJPaGIqCE9ceyZKu0ZrmDFUPGczzeymVq_wOUfbVFx0QRG7NFJyZekqcqL8cH9F9aQS0RhNhu16e_hoooHPuJhY-eScZ2St3IbJnX96RlSZ3okEX-C42Fb6oy3X7mTpswJQG5h_nhEf/s1600/tumblr_m8vgq14d9y1qec6f4.webp" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> When the Aryans first came to India,
they were homogeneous people without class distinctions. They were then
comrades-in-arms and there was perfect equality among all members of the Aryan
society. But when they settled down as rulers of the land, the fear gradually
dawned on them that their smaller numbers may be absorbed by the more numerous
natives, whom they had conquered and enslaved. To preserve their racial purity,
therefore, the fair- skinned Aryans began to distinguish themselves from the
dark skinned natives. These natives were later called ‘’Shudras’’.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The second stage in the evolution of
the caste system was not reached until the later Vedic period. The Vedic
language, in course of time, had obscure and could not be understood by masses.
Sacrifices and ceremonies, too, had become very elaborate and complicate. There
came into existence a professional class of priests. They were called
‘’Brahmins’’. Similarly, the pressure of constant wars with the natives, who
resisted stubbornly the further expansion of the Aryans, necessitated class of
professional soldiers skilled in the arts of war. This class came to be known
as ‘’Kshatriyas’’. The rest of the Aryan population, which was devoted to
peaceful persuits like agriculture, trade, commerce, etc., was referred to as
‘’Vaishas’’. The ‘’Shudras’’, who performed menial jobs for the Aryan society,
were already there.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus the caste system began as a
distinction between the Aryans and the non-Aryans but gradually assumed the
form of division of labour among the members of the Aryan society. At this
stage, it was more a class-system than a caste-system. The class or the caste
of the individuals was determined by one test i.e. the occupation of
individuals.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For quite some time the caste system
continued to be extremely elastic in character. The choice of an occupation was
purely voluntary and migration from one cast another automatic in consequence.
Indeed, even a Shudra could become a Brahmin, if his character and occupation
merited that rank. The great sage Vyasa, for example, was the son of a
fisherwoman while Vasistha was born of a prostitute. As time passed, the caste
system began to assume a rigid form. Occupation tended to became hereditary and
migration from one caste to another became difficult. The result was that the
caste system, which was originally occupational in character, became hereditary
in course of time. The caste was now determined not by occupation, but by
birth. It was no longer an elastic system, it became very rigid.</span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-38755156274587491682013-01-14T04:17:00.002-08:002013-03-26T03:33:40.287-07:00Longest Solar Eclipse<center><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-9ELfOhlzVnc/UVF5b3O4hGI/AAAAAAAAARI/zCwcLxfCkB8/%25255BUNSET%25255D.jpg width="320" height="320"/></center><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Solar Eclipse of 21st Century swept across half the globe on July 22nd. Millions in Asia watched the Celestial event as moon darkened the Sun.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The longest solar eclipse of 21st century cut through the World's most populous nations, India and China, as it travelled half the globe. It was visible along a roughly 250 km-wide corridor, according to the U.S. space agency NASA. In India holy places like Varanasi witnessed huge influx of people who took a holy dip in the Ganges. However, in </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Taregna</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, touted as the best place to watch the eclipse, thousand of </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">astro</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -enthusiasts </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">were disappointed as the skies remained cloudy. The eclipse next swept through Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and over the crowded cities along China's Yangtze River, before heading to the Pacific. It lasted up to a maximum of 6 minutes, 39 seconds over the Pacific Ocean, a</span></span>ccording to NASA. </div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-49927311802430219502013-01-06T04:19:00.001-08:002013-01-08T04:42:11.685-08:00ए पी जे अब्दुल कलाम के सफलता के पांच मंत्र <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img 320="320" height="228" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-YgNpZnAq88s/UOnBr974t8I/AAAAAAAAANU/EHwN0tjDuwo/%25255BUNSET%25255D.jpg width=" /></center>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">आइये जानते हैं ऐ पी जे अब्दुल कलाम के सफलता के पाँच मंत्र खुद उनकी जुबानी :</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> आप अपने जीवन में एक लक्ष्य बनाएं और उस लक्ष्य के मुताबिक ज्ञान अर्जित करेंI ज्ञान अर्जित करने के लिए किताबें पढ़िए, नामचीन लोगों से मुलाकात कर उनके अनुभव जानिएI मशहूर वैज्ञानिक , दार्शनिक, इतिहासकार, तकनिकी विशेषज्ञों की जीवनी पढ़िएI</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> आप अपने ऊपर समस्या को हावी मत होने दीजिये, बल्कि आप समस्या के कप्तान बनिएI समस्या आप पर हावी होगी तो आप सफल नहीं हो पाएंगेI आप सफल केवल तब हो सकते हैं, जब आप समस्या पर हावी होI इसलिए मेहनत कीजिये और पुरे साहस के साथ हर समस्या का सामना कीजियेI</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> श्रेष्ठता एक प्रक्रिया है, जो कई पडाओं से गुज़र कर हासिल होती हैI सबसे पहला पड़ाव है अपना आदर्श तय करना, फिर उसके मुताबिक लक्ष्य तय करना, उन लक्ष्यों पर अडिग रहना, उन्हें पूरा करने के लिए हर जोखिम उठानाI जो इन सरे पडाओं को पर करता है, वहीँ बेस्ट का तमगा हासिल कर पता हI</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> ये तिन गुण अगर आप में हैं तो आप आसानी से सफल हो सकते हैंI जानने की इच्छा, सोचने की क्षमता, ज्ञान हासिल करने के लिए कड़ी मेहनत करने की चाहत , ये तिन ऐसे सूत्र हैं, जिन्होंने मुझे राष्ट्रपति भवन की राह दिखाईI ये आपको भी आपकी मंजिल तक पहुंचा सकते हैंI</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> इश्वर ने इंसान को जो दिमाग दिया है, वो सर्वोत्तम उपहार हैI इसका उपयोग कीजियेI याद रखिये सोचना विकाश की निशानी है, न सोचना विनाश की निशानी हैI</span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-23400669012285398462012-12-31T04:21:00.002-08:002013-01-10T07:25:13.015-08:00Welcome 2013, Good Bye 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tomorrow is the first day of the year 2013. People will say Good Bye to 2012 and welcome the year 2013. People are planning how they will enjoy the new year. Some had enjoyed the year 2012 but some were sad with this year. Let us take a look on the year 2012. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The biggest achievement of this year was that six AIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) were started in India. The next one was that this year also there wasn't any polio case in India. In the previous year also, our country was polio free.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Now if we go through the the films, many films were released in this year. Many films were kept in 100 crores' category. Many films were also flopped. In this year Azmal Kasab was hanged to death for the Mumbai Attack on 26th November 2008. In this year, Bombay High Court celebrated 150 years of its mansion's construction. It is one of the oldest High Court in India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Now have a look on sports.In the year 2012, Sachin said good bye to one day cricket. Yuvraaj Singh returned to the cricket field getting over cancer. In this year, Microsoft had launched Windows 8 Operating System which was liked by many people. These all were the achievements of 2012. This year also filled us with sorrow. The victim of Delhi gangrape died. People payed homage to that girl.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ENJOY THE NEW YEAR....2013...</span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-20186756629277295052012-04-15T00:18:00.004-07:002013-01-04T04:08:25.992-08:00चिंता करते हैं तो करते रहिए, बुद्धि में होगा इजाफा<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><b>Source</b></span>: <u>हिन्दुस्तान</u> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><i><b><u>(www.livehindustan.com)</u></b></i></span></div>
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इस अध्ययन से आपकी सारी चिंताएं समाप्त हो जाएंगी कि चिंता करना एक लाभकारी मानवीय विलक्षणता है, जो आपके बुद्धिमान होने का संकेत है।</div>
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एसयूएनवाई डॉनस्टेट मेडिकल सेंटर के शोधकर्ताओं का कहना है कि चिंता को आम तौर पर एक नकारात्मक विशेषता माना जाता है और विद्वता को सकारात्मक विशेषता के तौर पर देखा जाता है, लेकिन यह दोनों ही गुण आपस में जुड़े हुए हैं।</div>
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सेंटर की एक विज्ञप्ति के अनुसार, अधिक चिंता करना अधिक बुद्धिमान होने का लक्षण है क्योंकि ऐसे में व्यक्ति तमाम पहलुओं को लेकर आशंकित रहता है और कोई जोखिम नहीं लेना चाहता। ऐसे में उसके बेहतर काम करने के अवसर अधिक रहते हैं इसलिए चिंता को भी बुद्धि की ही तरह इनसान की लाभकारी विशिष्टता माना जाना चाहिए।</div>
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अपने अध्ययन में शोधकर्ताओं में एंग्जायटी अर्थात चिंता के रोग के शिकार लोगों और उनके मुकाबले स्वस्थ स्वयंसेवकों को शामिल किया और आईक्यू परीक्षण के जरिए उनके बौद्धिक स्तर का आकलन किया।</div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-55303893414620827502012-04-05T00:39:00.000-07:002013-06-18T05:23:01.879-07:00क्या है ग्लोबल वार्मिंग ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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आसान शब्दों में समझे तो ग्लोबल वर्मिन्ग का अर्थ है 'पृथ्वी के तापमान में वृद्धी और इसके कारन मौसम में होने वाला परिवात्रण l ' पृथ्वी के तापमान में हो रही इस वृद्धी ( इसे १०० सालों के औसत पर १ फारेनहाईट आँका गया है ) के परिणाम बारिश के तरीकों में बदलाव, हिमखंडों और ग्लासिएरों के पिघलने, समुद्र के जलस्तर में वृद्धी और वनस्पती तथा जंतु जगत पर प्रभावों के रूप में सामने आ सकते है l मौसम वैज्ञानिक तो यह भविष्यवाणी तक कर चुके हैं aकी गर ग्लोबल वार्मिंग की रफ़्तार न थम सकी, तो कुछ दशकों में समुद्रों के किनारे बसे महानगर तक डूब जाएंगे l </div>
PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-82899275479481098582012-04-04T06:37:00.000-07:002012-04-07T23:58:55.931-07:00The Ganges<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">The Ganges or Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. By discharge it ranks among the world's top 20 rivers. The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2).<br /><br />The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It is worshiped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.It has also been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Patliputra, Kannauj, Kara, Kashi, Allahabad, Murshidabad, Munger, Baharampur and Kolkata) have been located on its banks.<br /><br />The Ganges was ranked among the five most polluted rivers of the world in 2007, with fecal coliform levels in the river near Varanasi more than hundred times the official Indian government limits.Pollution threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin.The Ganga Action Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been a major failure thus far,due to corruption and lack of technical expertise,lack of good environmental planning,Indian traditions and beliefs, and lack of support from religious authorities.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><b>Source: Wikipedia</b></span></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-62582450013417958582012-04-03T04:47:00.000-07:002012-04-03T04:47:11.737-07:00Length of Some Important Indian Rivers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2,900</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Ganga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">2,510</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Godavari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1,450</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Narmada</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1,290</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Krishna</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">1,290</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Mahandi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">890</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: center; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Cauvery</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">760</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-22670586136849195932012-04-02T06:04:00.000-07:002012-04-02T06:04:24.701-07:00Preamble of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a </span></span><strong><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">Sovereign</span></span></u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">Socialist</span></span></u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">Secular</span></span></u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">Democratic</span></span></u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">Republic</span></span></u></strong><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> and to secure all citizens;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">JUSTICE, Social, economic and political.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">In our Constituent Assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;">The Constitution came into force on January 26,1950.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana", sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-79757018010687289012012-03-28T00:56:00.000-07:002012-03-28T00:56:53.193-07:00Motion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<br />
<ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Motion is a change of position; it can be described in terms of the distance moved or the displacement.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The motion of an object could be uniform or non- uniform depending on whether its velocity is constant or changing.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The speed of an object is the distance covered per unit time, and velocity is the displacement per unit time.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The accelaration of an object is the change in velocity per unit time.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Uniform an non-uniform motions of objects can be shown through graphs.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div><ul><li><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.</span></div></li>
</ul><div align="justify"><br />
</div></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-56421852793412101622012-01-28T23:59:00.001-08:002019-06-08T01:36:13.130-07:00States and Capital of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: x-large;">I</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 16px;">ndia, a union of states, is a sovereign, secular, democratic, republic with a parliamentary system of government.</span></div>
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<strong style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">There are 29 states and seven Union Territories in the country.</strong></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLEIULgYDHfXyE6xxmpVt5VWLG3ximc-AQ4DbF_sQUl2ljhar81J1Tgyv9OMmFdD5J4G6i83yihRxvxCqgyzeOmbFMan0AZuGqKjE_BDAqIGApVAMDlk1skLyJDNsipUspp41Sfx3QIaqm/s1600/indiastate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLEIULgYDHfXyE6xxmpVt5VWLG3ximc-AQ4DbF_sQUl2ljhar81J1Tgyv9OMmFdD5J4G6i83yihRxvxCqgyzeOmbFMan0AZuGqKjE_BDAqIGApVAMDlk1skLyJDNsipUspp41Sfx3QIaqm/s640/indiastate.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-27546947738187970792012-01-28T05:18:00.000-08:002012-01-28T05:18:22.474-08:00Civil Disobendience Movement (1930-34)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Salt is the basic requirement for every person. The British government took the monopoly of making salt and passed a law, banning manufacture of salt. On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began his epic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. That is how the march came to be known as Dandi March. He was acommpained by 78 supporters. They made salt from sea water and broke the law.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salt Satyagraha was an open challenge to the British and the Civil Disobedience spread all over the country. It became the second mass movement as schools, colleges and courts were boycotted, foreign goods were burnt; peasants refused to pay taxes and shops were picketed. The movement was led by Abdul Gaffar Khan in North-West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi.</span></span></div></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-83664553804397236152012-01-28T05:11:00.000-08:002012-01-28T05:11:16.830-08:00Jallianwala Bagh massacre<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTAUXrjH40FhiNOkjh_qWgyEAUBBxwRgZRZhMwN1eU6HOZVQXUyE1k2Z_rMsBpzoah63BHFBDWNPwKAm_gZw62BUF7u8tjQksy3ZZfv2wckzGKSiaqZxWCL_bQLZMPc_3dmBjPBW_MYK5/s1600/13amri3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="320px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTAUXrjH40FhiNOkjh_qWgyEAUBBxwRgZRZhMwN1eU6HOZVQXUyE1k2Z_rMsBpzoah63BHFBDWNPwKAm_gZw62BUF7u8tjQksy3ZZfv2wckzGKSiaqZxWCL_bQLZMPc_3dmBjPBW_MYK5/s320/13amri3.jpg" width="249px" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> On April 13, 1919, the people of Punjab gathered on the auspicious day of Baisakhi at Jallianwala Bagh near Golden Temple in Amritsar. They were protesting peacefully against the arrest of Dr. Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two prominent national leaders. General Dyer ordered the British armed forces to open fire at the hundreds of innocent, unarmed men, women and children.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The massacre stunned the whole country. The government imposed martial law in Punjab. Under martial law, people were tortured, newspapers were banned and mails were censored. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-53637466235098062432012-01-28T05:08:00.001-08:002013-06-18T05:19:58.789-07:00A speech on Corruption..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqrt-Ho2dPYh0B6EmA0IwZsh67fvG9XUOo-XaeFG2hTlX6WrTA5-alMg885Ehb83D5EOORhvWpnsYx-fiuiG9OtbUobIs4qFXT1Rtr8akH-sd9PDQ03dhPhFrGX0P7nn6nRQMJwIioRl14/s1600/stock-vector-corruption-say-no-62949634.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqrt-Ho2dPYh0B6EmA0IwZsh67fvG9XUOo-XaeFG2hTlX6WrTA5-alMg885Ehb83D5EOORhvWpnsYx-fiuiG9OtbUobIs4qFXT1Rtr8akH-sd9PDQ03dhPhFrGX0P7nn6nRQMJwIioRl14/s320/stock-vector-corruption-say-no-62949634.webp" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Good Morning! Today I am feeling much honoured that I have got a golden opportunity to speak before you. Our country is undergoing many critical phases today by facing many problems. One of them is corruption on which I would like to highlight upon.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 508.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As we know that corruption is today a worldwide phenomenon. It is the most virulent when crises everywhere threaten the very existence of the society and the faith in life is shaken. It has always been there like a tie leech, but when the system goes weaker and the boat flounders, it gets bolder and drains its victims of the last drops of their world.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 508.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The older the system the weaker it grows and fails to solve the riddles of the life that grows more complex every day. So men lose faith in it and let it drift down. At this point the corruption takes over and plunges the entire the society.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Usually corruption is perpetuated only when it is goes unchecked. If we look for the causes of corruption we may note certain important factors.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 508.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now there is a need to make fresh attempts to deal the situation effectively. The steps should be taken to correct the situation overall. For instance, disposal of work including applications and complaints etc. should be taken within specified time limit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But this could be done only when there is a strong and resolute will on the part of the government. Not only government but we all should join our hand and take pledge to make India and world corruption free.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thank you all audience and friends for listening to my views. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">THANK YOU ALL.</span></span></div>
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PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-87520891814322937372012-01-28T05:07:00.000-08:002012-01-28T05:07:18.009-08:00Main features of The Indian Independence Act (1947)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMVdmE-JFGe1hZ0riSbbhVbKX0XZRCktOh6yMY9SztEVkEquA9KFFsv58ESacuLyq_nIjnxdHYDfmCRqxsXltHYXtmQaQpuf-_sM-eb0spf02wsT-xPoMMttid3LSAZCsOTl7RA6xpAgr/s1600/001522a1223616c7465645f5fb34eb7f780ed464b6dda99be53926737807699b75521a4c44e0a7d68ecb2048fce88b137345aa245.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" gda="true" height="327px" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMVdmE-JFGe1hZ0riSbbhVbKX0XZRCktOh6yMY9SztEVkEquA9KFFsv58ESacuLyq_nIjnxdHYDfmCRqxsXltHYXtmQaQpuf-_sM-eb0spf02wsT-xPoMMttid3LSAZCsOTl7RA6xpAgr/s400/001522a1223616c7465645f5fb34eb7f780ed464b6dda99be53926737807699b75521a4c44e0a7d68ecb2048fce88b137345aa245.jpeg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The British rule of India would end with immediate effect.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">An independent dominion of India was made including the United Provinces under the British like Madras, Presidency, Carnatic, East Punjab, and West Bengal. Assam, etc.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">West Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and East Bengal would go to Pakistan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Princely states were given the freedom to decide which dominion to join.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India and Pakistan dominions were granted complete freedom and they became members of British Commonwealth.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1534512709198289860.post-12903496847699279552012-01-19T04:56:00.000-08:002012-01-19T04:56:19.374-08:00Characteristics of a Good Fuel..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDyoYKLtkdTzFaLsREo5RPSizyodwW1ze2oiqDwQfc9p1nAnZflOEIak8msQixlBu7vs0s79k8zWk1oSRPd_7Rj5NBWokbvBrSPGNzi8xlkdkN9NnYjPyD_qka0vjYwa35fQV5KshX3ZCR/s1600/fuel_gameinfo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="107px" nfa="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDyoYKLtkdTzFaLsREo5RPSizyodwW1ze2oiqDwQfc9p1nAnZflOEIak8msQixlBu7vs0s79k8zWk1oSRPd_7Rj5NBWokbvBrSPGNzi8xlkdkN9NnYjPyD_qka0vjYwa35fQV5KshX3ZCR/s400/fuel_gameinfo.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should be cheap and readily available.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should be easy to store.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should have a high calorific value.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should not produce harmful gases as pollutants.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should have low ignition temperature, but not below room temperature.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should undergo complete combustion and should be contollable.</span></li>
</ul></div>PRAKHAR PRASOONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730006064890140556noreply@blogger.com0