States and Capital of India

India, a union of states, is a sovereign, secular, democratic, republic with a parliamentary system of government.

There are 29 states and seven Union Territories in the country.

Civil Disobendience Movement (1930-34)

Salt is the basic requirement for every person. The British government took the monopoly of making salt and passed a law, banning manufacture of salt. On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began his epic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. That is how the march came to be known as Dandi March. He was acommpained by 78 supporters. They made salt from sea water and broke the law.

      Salt Satyagraha was an open challenge to the British and the Civil Disobedience spread all over the country. It became the second mass movement as schools, colleges and courts were boycotted, foreign goods were burnt; peasants refused to pay taxes and shops were picketed. The movement was led by Abdul Gaffar Khan in North-West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

         

        On April 13, 1919, the people of Punjab gathered on the auspicious day of Baisakhi at Jallianwala Bagh near Golden Temple in Amritsar. They were protesting peacefully against the arrest of Dr. Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two prominent national leaders. General Dyer ordered the British armed forces to open fire at the hundreds of innocent, unarmed men, women and children.

The massacre stunned the whole country. The government imposed martial law in Punjab. Under martial law, people were tortured, newspapers were banned and mails were censored.

A speech on Corruption..

Good Morning! Today I am feeling much honoured that I have got a golden opportunity to speak before you. Our country is undergoing many critical phases today by facing many problems. One of them is corruption on which I would like to highlight upon.

As we know that corruption is today a worldwide phenomenon. It is the most virulent when crises everywhere threaten the very existence of the society and the faith in life is shaken. It has always been there like a tie leech, but when the system goes weaker and the boat flounders, it gets bolder and drains its victims of the last drops of their world.

The older the system the weaker it grows and fails to solve the riddles of the life that grows more complex every day. So men lose faith in it and let it drift down. At this point the corruption takes over and plunges the entire the society.

Usually corruption is perpetuated only when it is goes unchecked. If we look for the causes of corruption we may note certain important factors.

Now there is a need to make fresh attempts to deal the situation effectively. The steps should be taken to correct the situation overall. For instance, disposal of work including applications and complaints etc. should be taken within specified time limit.

But this could be done only when there is a strong and resolute will on the part of the government. Not only government but we all should join our hand and take pledge to make India and world corruption free.

Thank you all audience and friends for listening to my views.

THANK YOU ALL.

Main features of The Indian Independence Act (1947)

·      The British rule of India would end with immediate effect.

·     An independent dominion of India was made including the United Provinces under the British like Madras, Presidency, Carnatic, East Punjab, and West Bengal. Assam, etc.

·    West Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and East Bengal would go to Pakistan.

·    The Princely states were given the freedom to decide which dominion to join.

·    India and Pakistan dominions were granted complete freedom and they became members of British Commonwealth.

Characteristics of a Good Fuel..

• It should be cheap and readily available.

• It should be easy to store.

• It should have a high calorific value.

• It should not produce harmful gases as pollutants.

• It should have low ignition temperature, but not below room temperature.

• It should undergo complete combustion and should be contollable.

टाटा नैनो को टक्कर देने आई बजाज ऑटो की आरई-60

From the newspaper हिन्दुस्तान

Laws of Friction

Smooth surfaces are defined by the properties that when they are in contact, the surfaces is always perpendicular to their common tangent plane. It can, however, be verified experimentally that no surfaces are perfectly smooth and that whenever there is a tendency for two bodies which are in contact to move relative to each other, a force known as the force of friction tends to prevent the relative motion. The mathematical discussion of the force of friction depends on certain assumptions which are embodied in the so called laws of friction and are found to be in close agreement with experiments.

Law 1 When two bodies are in contact the direction of the forces of Friction on one of them at it's point of contact, is opposite to the the direction in which the point of contact tends to move relative to the other.

Law 2 If the bodies are in equilibrium, the force of Friction is just sufficient to prevent friction and may therefore be determined by applying the conditions of equilibrium of all the forces acting on the body.The amount of Friction that can be exerted between two surfaces is limited and if the forces acting on the body are made sufficiently great, motion will occur. Hence, we define limiting friction as the friction which is exerted when equilibrium is on the point of being broken by one body sliding on another. The magnitude of limiting friction is given by the following three laws.

Law 3 The ratio of the limiting friction to the Normal reaction between two surfaces depends on the substances of which the surfaces are composed and not on the magnitude of the Normal reaction.This ratio is usually denoted by .Thus if the Normal reaction is R, the limiting friction is For given materials polished to the same standard is found to be constant and independent of R. is called The Coefficient of friction

Law 4 The amount of limiting friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces and of the shape of the surfaces, provided that the Normal reaction is unaltered.

Law 5 When motion takes place the direction of friction is opposite to the direction of relative motion and independent of velocity. The magnitude of the force of friction is in a constant ratio to the Normal reaction but this ratio may be slightly less than when the body is just on the point of moving.

It should be stressed that the above laws are experimental and are accepted as the basis for the mathematical treatment of friction. Modern theory suggests that the force of friction is in fact due to the non - rigidity of bodies. When one body rests on another, there is always an area of contact, which is much smaller than the apparent area and also depends on the the normal pressure between the bodies. Friction is considered to be due to the fusion of materials (of which the bodies are composed) over the area of contact. Therefore friction would be proportional to the area of contact and therefore proportional to the normal pressure as assumed in the above laws.

भारतीय मसालों में है दम

Sound Production

 

Sound is a sensation or feeling that we hear. We produce sounds by doing something. The motion of materials or objects causes vibrations. A sound originates in the vibration of an object, which makes the air or another substance around the object vibrate. The vibration of the air moves outward in all directions in the form of a wave.5 The following are examples of how certain sounds are produced.

Human Voice

The human voice is produced in the larynx, which is a part of the throat. There are two small pieces of tissue that stretch across the larynx with a small opening between them, these tissues are our vocal cords. As we speak, muscles in our larynx tighten the vocal cords making this small opening become narrower. When air from our lungs passes through the tightened cords a vibration is produced. This vibration produces vocal sounds. The tighter the vocal cords, the more rapidly the vocal cords vibrate and the higher the sounds that are produced. This is what causes the human voices to have different pitches.6

Animal Sounds

Animals also produce sounds. Almost all mammals, birds, and frogs have vocal cords or similar structures, which allow them to produce sounds in a similar way to humans. However, many other animals produce distinctly different sounds. For example, bees buzz as they fly because of the rapid movement of their wings. Their wings make the air vibrate producing a buzzing sound. A cricket produces a singing type sound as it scrapes parts of its front wings together. Some types of shellfish produce clicks by tapping their claws together.7

Musical Sounds

Musical instruments produce many different sounds in various ways. There are three categories of musical instruments, percussion, string, and wind. Some instruments need to be struck by an object in order to produce a sound, these are called percussion instruments. For example when the membrane of a drum is hit the membrane vibrates, producing a sound, or when a bar of a xylophone is struck, a sound is produced. Each bar of a xylophone produces a different note when struck. String instruments, such as a harp or violin, produce sounds when one or more of their strings are plucked, causing them to vibrate. This vibration causes parts of the body of the instrument to vibrate, creating sound waves in the air. The pitch of a stringed instrument depends upon the string's thickness, its length, the distance stretched, and the number of times it vibrates. Wind instruments, such as a flute or trumpet produce sound when a column of air inside the instrument vibrate. For example, with a trumpet it is the vibrating lips of the player which makes the air column vibrate.8 Sounds produced by musical instruments are usually pleasing for us to hear. "A musical sound is a regular vibration."

What is Noise Pollution???

What is noise?
In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound. Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a
vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes the sensation of hearing through nerves.
Sounds produced by all vibrating bodies are not audible. The frequency limits of audibility
are from 20 HZ to 20,000 HZ